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Every March 22, Puerto Rico commemorates Emancipation Day, a historical milestone that marks the abolition of slavery on the island. Meanwhile, the topic of statehood continues to be rooted in a desire to separate the country from its colonial past and achieve self-determination. As the island navigates its future, its fight for statehood is inextricably connected to this moment in Puerto Rican history.
The Story Behind Puerto Rico’s Emancipation Day
Emancipation Day in Puerto Rico commemorates the abolition of slavery, a pivotal moment in the island's history, and marks the end of a complex and gradual process initiated by the Spanish government. The Moret Law, enacted in 1870, was a significant precursor to Emancipation Day as it aimed to gradually abolish slavery by freeing children born to enslaved mothers after September 17, 1868. It was the Spanish Cortes' approval of the law on March 22, 1873, that officially ended slavery in Puerto Rico, freeing approximately 29,000 slaves.
The abolition of slavery in Puerto Rico wasn’t a straightforward process. It was influenced by various factors, including the growing anti-slavery movement in Spain and the increasing liberalism among the island's agricultural elite. Additionally, slave revolts and escapes helped weaken the institution of slavery over time. The Grito de Lares, a major uprising in 1868, also accelerated the push for abolition by highlighting the need for social change and independence from Spain. Despite these efforts, the abolition process was complicated by the need to compensate slave owners and ensure a smooth transition to free labor.
The law passed on March 22 required former slaves to work for their former masters for three more years as a form of compensation for the loss of their labor. Additionally, slave owners were financially compensated by the Spanish government for their "property," a common practice in many regions where slavery was abolished. This conditional freedom meant that the transition from slavery to freedom took time, with former slaves facing significant economic and social challenges.
The conditional nature of emancipation, where former slaves had to still earn their freedom, is an aspect of Puerto Rico's history that’s often overlooked, and efforts are being made to revisit and understand the experiences of emancipated Black Puerto Ricans, whose stories have been largely silenced by colonial narratives.
Emancipation vs. Statehood: Understanding the Difference
Statehood is the process by which Puerto Rico would become the 51st state of the United States. This would integrate Puerto Rico into the U.S. political system, allowing its residents to participate fully in federal elections and governance. On the other hand, emancipation refers to freeing Puerto Rico from its colonial status, a concept that encompasses the nation’s broader desire for self-determination and political equality.
Emancipation can be achieved through different means, including statehood, independence, or free association with the U.S. Statehood would end Puerto Rico's territorial status and provide full political rights and representation within the U.S. However, not everyone views statehood as true emancipation. Some argue that independence or free association would better achieve this goal by allowing Puerto Rico to govern itself more autonomously.
While statehood is a specific path toward political equality and could be considered a form of emancipation, the two terms aren’t interchangeable. Emancipation is a broader concept that encompasses the desire for self-determination and political freedom, which can be achieved through various means, including but not limited to statehood.
The fight for statehood is deeply tied to the concept of emancipation from colonial status. Many Puerto Ricans view their current status as a form of colonialism, where they lack full political rights despite being U.S. citizens. In an opinion piece for The Latino Newsletter, Susanne Ramirez de Arellano, former News Director for Univision Puerto Rico and conflict correspondent, current cultural critic, and writer, stated: “Let's be blunt. Puerto Rico is a United States colony. Call it an ‘unincorporated territory’ if it makes you feel better. Congress holds the ultimate power over the archipelago and its people. Congress decides whether the island keeps its self-government, becomes a state or independent, or enters a free association with the U.S.”
Statehood is seen by many Puerto Ricans as a way to achieve full political equality and end this colonial legacy. However, some argue that true emancipation can only be achieved through independence, allowing Puerto Rico to govern itself entirely.
Puerto Rico’s Ongoing Quest for Statehood
Puerto Rico has been engaged in a quest for statehood for decades, but the journey has gained momentum in recent years. In November 2024, Puerto Ricans participated in a binding referendum, where they voted on their political status, with options including statehood, independence, or a "free association" with the United States. The results showed a strong preference for statehood, with 58.6% of voters supporting this option, followed by 29.6% for free association, and 11.8% for independence. This outcome marked a significant shift, as previous non-binding referendums had seen mixed results, but the latest vote was notable for its clarity and the high turnout of 63.58%.
Statehood proponents argue that:
- It would provide full representation in Congress and allow Puerto Ricans to vote in presidential elections.
- The island would receive up to $10 billion in additional federal funds annually, supporting healthcare, education, and infrastructure.
- It would eliminate the status of Puerto Ricans as second-class citizens, despite holding U.S. citizenship since 1917.
However, opponents highlight concerns and challenges such as:
- Puerto Rico’s economic burden due to its high debt, which some fear could deter Congress from granting statehood.
- Loss of local autonomy, as Puerto Rico would be subject to federal laws and regulations that may not always align with its needs.
- Cultural preservation, including the role of Spanish as an official language and the island’s unique traditions, though this is not necessarily a direct consequence of statehood. Puerto Rico could maintain its bilingual identity much like in Quebec, Canada, where French is an official language alongside English.
The push for statehood has been bolstered by recent events, including the celebration of the 108th anniversary of U.S. citizenship for Puerto Ricans. Advocates have been urging Congress to act on the referendum results, emphasizing that statehood is the only option that would provide permanent equal rights and duties for the island's residents. Despite these efforts, the path to statehood remains uncertain, as any legislation must navigate the complexities of the U.S. political landscape. The U.S. Senate, in particular, poses a challenge, as it requires a significant majority to pass any statehood bill. Nonetheless, the momentum behind statehood continues to grow, with both local leaders and U.S. organizations advocating for this change.
The Future of Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico’s Emancipation Day and the fight for statehood are deeply intertwined in the island’s broader struggle for self-determination and equality. While the abolition of slavery in 1873 marked a critical step toward freedom, Puerto Rico’s political future remains uncertain.
The recent referendum on statehood has reignited debates on how Puerto Rico can best achieve true emancipation—whether through full integration into the U.S. or complete sovereignty. Regardless of the outcome, the island’s fight for representation, equity, and cultural preservation continues to shape its path forward.
As Puerto Ricans celebrate Emancipation Day, they do so with the knowledge that their pursuit of freedom is far from over.
In a landmark move for Latino political representation, the National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials (NALEO) and NALEO Educational Fund has named Erica Bernal-Martinez as its new Chief Executive Officer. NALEO is a non-partisan membership organization with a mission to bring together Latino officials from diverse backgrounds and political affiliations to foster collaboration and unity in addressing critical policy issues. The NALEO Educational Fund is the organization's 501(c)(3) arm, with a focus on empowering Latinos to participate fully in the American political process, from citizenship to public service.
Bernal-Martinez, a first-generation Latina who has spent 25 years leading operations for the NALEO Educational Fund, steps into this historic role, making her the first Latina woman to lead NALEO, following Arturo Vargas’ long-standing role as CEO.
Photo via NALEO's Instagram account.
In a NALEO press release announcing Bernal-Martinez’s appointment, Vargas expressed his support, saying: “I have had the pleasure of working with Erica throughout her career with NALEO Educational Fund and take immense joy in the fact that our Board has entrusted her with the role of the next CEO. Having worn virtually every leadership hat within this organization during her exemplary tenure, I can think of no other person more uniquely qualified and better prepared to take on the responsibility of leading our mission forward.”
While the exact percentage of Latino political organizations led by Latina women in the U.S. is difficult to calculate due to a lack of comprehensive data, only a handful of them exist despite 36.2 million Latinos being of voting age as of 2024, and approximately 1.4 million additional Latinos expected to become eligible to vote every year. Additionally, many of the organizations exist as political action committees, more commonly known as PACs, rather than membership organizations like NALEO.
Bernal-Martinez’s appointment marks a significant moment for Latino political leadership, where Latina women remain underrepresented in top political positions relative to the size of the population. However, improvement is occurring. The number of elected Latinas in the House of Representatives is increasing, contributing significantly to the growth in women representatives overall. Between the 115th and 118th Congresses, the share of women among Latino representatives rose from 26% to 37% between 2017 and 2025 according to the latest available data.
NALEO: The Largest Organization of Latino Political Leaders
Established in 1976, NALEO stands as the largest non-partisan organization of Latino elected and appointed officials in the United States, representing over 7,000 policymakers across various levels of government. As a non-partisan entity, the organization brings together officials from different political affiliations to address pressing issues affecting Latinos nationwide. Given the small number of political membership organizations that work primarily with Latino elected officials, NALEO is filling a critical void in a space where thousands of policy makers don’t have very many places to go.
Under Bernal-Martinez’s leadership, NALEO is set to embark on a new era, continuing its commitment to fostering Latino political participation and ensuring equitable representation in American democracy. Her extensive experience in constituency services, civic engagement, and voter mobilization positions her as someone who could be a transformative leader for the organization’s future.
In the NALEO press release, Bernal-Martinez expressed her commitment to the work ahead, stating: “When I started my career, I never imagined that my work with this organization would have allowed me to have so many fulfilling and impactful experiences over my 25-year tenure. From leading efforts to bring Republicans and Democrats from across the country together to move policy issues forward, to guiding our citizenship and voter mobilization initiatives, I have seen firsthand the ability of NALEO and NALEO Educational Fund to make a difference in people’s lives.”
She concluded, “My work has always been motivated by a devotion to family, community, and country. I see this same dedication from our NALEO Members and the incredibly committed staff at NALEO Educational Fund, and I am honored to lead them as we embark on this next chapter in our organizations’ future.”
A Vision for the Future
Bernal-Martinez’s leadership comes at a pivotal time for Latino political engagement. With ongoing debates over voting rights, immigration policy, and Latino representation in government, her tenure as CEO will be closely watched. Her priorities will include organizational restructuring, enhancing long-term strategic planning to continue serving the Latino community, and implementing strategies for programmatic impact and efficiency.
NALEO’s announcement of Bernal-Martinez as CEO is both a pivotal leadership change and a defining moment for Latina women in leadership. As Latinas continue to face systemic barriers to political advancement, her appointment sends a clear message: Latina leaders are helping shape the future of American politics.
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Originally published in The Latino Newsletter–reprinted with permission.
Opinion for The Latino Newsletter
ATLANTA — The artificial intelligence revolution is already here, and Latinos are leading it. While corporate commitments to DEI quietly fade and policymakers roll back diversity initiatives, AI’s Latino leaders haven’t waited for permission. We’ve never needed corporate handouts to build, and we’ve never asked for a seat at the table. We just built our own.
From engineering breakthroughs to financial services transformation, we’re redefining AI’s impact on global markets. The conversation about Latinos in tech has been stuck in a cycle of diversity and inclusion.
This needs to stop.
It’s time to shift that narrative to ownership, influence, and industry-shaping power. AI’s future depends on who wields it, and Latinos are doing so with precision.
Latino leadership in AI is already undeniable. Marco Mascorro is transforming warehouse logistics with AI-driven robotics at Fellow AI. Daniela Braga is building the data backbone for AI language models at Defined.ai. Rafael Cosman, Founder and CEO of Protogon Research, is pushing the boundaries of AI toward superintelligence with models designed for a deep, true understanding of the world.
These aren’t just “diversity” stories. They are market-shifting forces redefining industries.
Never Outsiders
Despite these successes, the tech mainstream still frames Latinos as outsiders. That outdated perception ignores the reality that we are driving AI’s evolution. You might think AI is being shaped only in research labs, but that is not true. Problem-solvers with real-world experience are the ones making it happen. Latinos bring precisely that, applying AI to tangible, high-impact challenges across sectors.
What makes Latinos uniquely suited to lead in AI, particularly in applied AI, is a mindset forged by resilience, adaptability, and the ability to improvise when mainstream responses fail. Multilingual expertise allows us to bridge gaps between industries and markets, making AI more adaptable, scalable, and human-centered. Many of us have navigated historical high inflation and interest rates, developing an innate ability to live with less, optimize resources, and persevere in scarce environments. We have grown up connected to regions marked by political instability, honing an ability to operate in uncertainty, take action even when the future is unclear, and build solutions without predefined roadmaps.
Latinos are driving AI’s most relevant and beneficial applications. The ability to adapt, build from uncertainty, and solve problems outside traditional frameworks makes us central to AI’s future.
No More Bias
As it stands today, though, AI is deeply flawed. Bias infects its models. Accessibility is an afterthought. Trust is collapsing. And the people building it have never lived the experiences that AI is supposed to serve.
That’s why Latinos are shaping and fixing AI before it fails us all.
Investors who overlook Latino-led AI companies are missing out on some of the most innovative, high-growth businesses of the decade. Tech leaders who fail to elevate Latino AI talent at leadership levels are setting themselves up for failure. Policymakers who exclude Latino AI innovators from regulatory discussions are making a critical mistake in shaping the future of artificial intelligence.
Latinos contribute $3.6 trillion to the U.S. economy. If that were a country, it’d be the fifth largest in the world. Why wouldn’t we be at the center of AI’s future?
AI is moving fast, and so are Latinos. Our time is already here.
Investors, policymakers, and tech leaders have a choice: build with us or be left behind. Latinos in AI aren’t just the future.
We are the present.
And the present doesn’t wait.
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